1.8 Operating System Types

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Operating Systems Overview

 

 

Why do you need an OS?

 

• Control interaction between components - Memory, hard drives, keyboard, CPU
• A common platform for applications - You're going to do some work, right?
• Humans need a way to interact with the machine - The "user interface", Hardware cannot do everything

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Standard OS features

 

• File management - Add, delete, rename
• Application support - Memory management, swap file management
• Input and Output support - Keyboards, printers, mouse, speaker, storage drives, USB drives
• Operating System configuration and management tools

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Microsoft Windows

 

 

Windows

 

• Major market presence
• Many different versions - Windows 10, 11, Server
• Advantages - Large industry support, Broad selection of OS options, Wide variety of software support
• Disadvantages - Large install base provides a big target for security exploitation, Large hardware support can create challenging exercises

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Linux

 

 

Linux

 

• Free Unix-compatible software system - Unix-like , but not Unix (open source and free use)
• Many different distributes - Ubuntu, Debian, Red Hat / Fedora
• Advantages - Cost Free, Works on wide variety of hardware, Passionate and active user community
• (Doesn't matter what type of precessor, system you have)
• Disadvantages - Limited driver support, especially with laptops, Limited support options

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Apple macOS

 

 

macOS

 

• macOS: Desktop OS running on Apple hardware
• Advantages - Easy to use, Extremely compatible, Relatively fewer security concerns
• Disadvantages - Requires Apple hardwares, Less industry support than the PC platform, Higher initial hardware cost

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Chrome OS

 

 

Chrome OS

 

 

• Google's operating system - Based on the Linux Kernel
• Centers around Chrome web browser - Most apps are web-based
• Many different manufacturers - Relatively less expensive
• Relies on the cloud - Connect to the Internet

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Apple iPadOS

 

 

iPad OS

 

• Operating system for Apple's iPad tablets - A variant of Apple's iPhone iOS
• Tablet features - Desktop browser (Safari), Second monitor (Sidecar), Keyboard support, Multitasking

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Apple iOS

 

 

iOS

 

• Apple iOS - Apple iPhones, Based on Unix, Closed-source - No access to source code, Exclusive to Apple products
• iOS Apps - Apps are developed with iOS SDK on macOS, Apps must be approved by Apple before release, Apps are available to users in the Apple App Store

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Google Android

 

 

Android

 

 

• Google Android - Open Handset Alliance, Open-source OS, based on Linux, Supported on many different manufacturer's devices
• Android Apps
  • Apps are developed on Windows, macOS and Linux with the Android SDK
  • Apps available from Google Play
  • Apps also available from third-party site (i.e. Amazon App Store)

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Vendor-specific limitations

 

• End-of-life - Different companies set their own EOL policies
• Updating - iOS, Android, and Windows check and prompt for updates, Chrome OS will update automatically
• Compatibility between operating systems - Some movies and music can be shared
• Almost no direct application compatibility
  • Fortunately, many apps have been built to run on different operating systems
  • Some data files can be moved across systems
  • Web-based apps have potential

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

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File Systems

 

File Systems

-> The way in which files are named and where they are placed logically for storage and retrival

-> Drives

Partition : to improve data processing performance

• Before data can be written to the partition, it must be formatted - Build the foundation
• Operating systems expect data to be written in a particular format - FAT32 and NTFS are popular
• Many operating systems can read (and perhaps write) multiple file system types - FAT, FAT32, NTFS, exFAT, etc

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

FAT

 

 

FAT system structure

 

• FAT (File Allocation Table) - One of the first PC-based file systems (circa 1980)
• FAT32 (File Allocation Table) - Larger (2TB) volume sizes, Maximum file size of 4GB
• exFAT (EXtended File Allocation Table) - Microsoft flash drive file system, Files can be larger than 4GB, Compatible across many operating systems (Windows, Linux, macOS)

flash drive: a small electronic device containing flash memory (non-volatile) ex: USB

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

NTFS

a partition for Windows

NT : New Technlogy

 

 

NTFS File System structure

 

 

• NTFS (NT File System) - Extensive improvements over FAT32, Quotas, file compression, encryption, symbolic links, large file support, security, recoverability
• Not very compatitble across operating systems - Many OSes will read NTFS (but not write), SOme have limited write functionally to an NTFS file system

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Other file systems

 

• ext3 - Third extended file system, Commonly used by the LinuxOS or Unix
• ext4 - Foutth extended file system, An update to ext3, Commonly seen in Linux and AndroidOS

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

APFS

 

 

• Apple File System (APFS) - Added to macOS High Sierra (10.12.4), Also included with iOS and iPadOS
• Optimized for solid-state storage - Encryption, snapshots, increased data integrity